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Program budgeting is a reform that intends to shift the focus of budgetary processes from control of inputs to producing measurable results. It aspires to enable governments deploy resources to priority areas and assess whether the resources have been translated into intended results. This paper identifies specific stumbling blocks for countries already implementing program budgeting that have caused implementation difficulties, especially in budget execution, and suggests means to resolve them. This paper aims to help resolve the tensions between planning, management, and control in pursuit of higher performance from governments. In doing so, the focus is not only observing and supporting the efficiency and effectiveness goals of program budgeting but also resolving the tensions arising from execution control and designing measures to support analysis and performance.

Public Sector Development

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This EFI Insight note distills the key principles of effective performance management in the public administration from literature and international good practice. First, it presents the objectives and different approaches and tools for performance management, and then it details seven success factors that should be considered when designing and reforming public sector performance management systems: (1) start performance management from the top; (2) align organizational and individual goals ('clear line of sight'); (3) tailor performance assessment to institutional and job characteristics, and adequately differentiate between levels of performance; (4) improve manager judgment and diversify the sources of information for performance appraisals to ensure objectivity and fairness in assessment; (5) motivate staff through both intrinsic and extrinsic incentives; (6) enable staff through adequate opportunities for growth and development; and (7) embed performance management in organizational culture and practice.

Performance Evaluation --- Public Sector Development

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The objective of this report is to analyze the recent employment trends in the Indonesian tobacco industry and estimate the potential effects of raising cigarette taxes on employment in the tobacco manufacturing sector. The report provides new evidence to contribute to the ongoing debate about the effects of raising cigarette taxes on tobacco sector employment. It complements the current analytical work conducted by the World Bank, in partnership with the American Cancer Society, to explore the employment conditions and livelihoods of tobacco and clove farmers and kretek rollers in Indonesia. This report is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two provides a review of the global evidence on the impacts of raising cigarette taxes on population health outcomes and on the economy. Section three presents an overview of the cigarette tax reforms in Indonesia in recent years and discusses the government of Indonesia's plans for reforming the cigarette tax structure. Section four discusses the employment trends in the tobacco industry in Indonesia, analyzes workers' characteristics and compares workers to similar sectors and socio-demographic profiles. The section also discusses the potential impacts of raising cigarette taxes on employment by presenting results of simulations. The final section five, discusses the results in light of the current debate over cigarette tax reform in Indonesia and provides policy recommendations on the employment aspects of the reform.

Public Sector Development --- Tobacco Use and Control

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This report identifies key challenges facing the Ethiopian civil service today and suggests avenuesfor further reforms. Ethiopia's civil service has so far developed at a rapid pace and faces anumber of constraints, challenges, and new or expanding demands. Continuing reform efforts and building on past achievements is critical for the successful implementation of Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Program (GTP II). While the past two decades have seen important achievements made, the government seeks to further strengthen its economic governance and service delivery.The analytic effort that this report reflects was triggered by a request from the Ministry ofPublic Service and Human Resource Development (MPSHRD). The Ministry sought to identify challenges and options to target and pursue further reforms and efforts to strengthen the civil service and its contributions to service delivery. The report is based on several sources: (i) the Ethiopian Civil Servants Survey (ECSS), which was undertaken in June through September 2016 and targeted professional level staff and directors or heads of federal ministries or agencies, regional bureaus, and woreda offices; (ii) a series of key informant interviews with officials and stakeholders, as well as focus group discussions with members of 'Public Wings'; and (iii) administrative data and information, e.g. concerning the number of civil servants, as wellas salaries and benefits. The focus is on five key service delivery sectors: agriculture, education, health, revenue collection, and trade-all critical areas for state activity. The analysis encompasses an assessment of previous and ongoing reforms, and takes a look at the constraints and overall quality of current management practices. Where possible, the report also compares the civil service in Ethiopia to that of other countries, based on information gathered from similar surveys and other comparative information.

Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Reform

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Zambia and Zimbabwe have experienced food security emergencies of varying severity, mainly caused by drought and floods in some areas. Like several countries in Africa and elsewhere, the two countries have developed and used Strategic Grain Reserves (SGR) to cope with food emergencies and other functions to ensure the availability of food. Both countries have years of experience with SGR as a key component of their respective food security policies. At the center of this strategy is the availability and sufficient supply of white maize, as the single most important strategic crop. The study is organized into four parts as follows: Part 1 presents the introduction laying out the background, objectives, methodology and structure of the report; Parts 2 and 3 present separate country analysis for Zambia and Zimbabwe covering the overview of the food security situation, strategic grain reserve operations and management in relation to food emergencies, and recommendations to enhance the strategic grain management; and Part 4 presents the conclusion.

Agriculture --- Food Security --- Public Sector Development